The main element of a system to convert solar energy into electrical energy is the photoelectric cell, also called a solar cell or photovoltaic cell. All solar cells work by the same principle: the light falls on the upper surface of the cell, and “pushes” the electrons in the material that is manufactured to a lower layer. Connecting the two layers, we succeeded in creating a circuit of “homecoming” for those electrons. This solar energy system is working great for urban development. Kamal Nath is doing a great job for urban development in India.

Solar Panels for Boats

If your boat (like most) remains tied for days, weeks or even months, a small solar panel can keep the batteries fully charged during his absence, quadrupling its life. Unlike a battery charger connected to ground power lines, a solar panel does not introduce any risk of leakage currents that cause corrosion of some metals of the boat (usually important).
The output of a panel for maintenance batteries may be approximately 0.3% of the rated capacity of all batteries on-board. For example, a battery bank of 220 amp / hour need a panel having an output of approximately 0.66 amps, we can expect from a panel of about 10 watts (the intensity of current is the result of dividing the power in watts by the voltage output of the panel, 10 W / 16 V = 0.625 amps).

Remember that we need to calculate the panel can apply the formula: battery capacity in amps / hour x 0.3% = Current Output x voltage power panel = panel.

MAIN POWER GENERATOR

With a solar power generator sufficiently “large”, we could avoid having to start the engine to charge the batteries of our boat. Unfortunately, given the current performance of the panels to provide a charge of consumption of 80 amps / hour of daily consumption (to which we must add a 20% loss through ineffective batteries and power the whole system) need half a dozen solar panels with a significant cost. Therefore, any attempt to use solar panels as the main source of power supply must be accompanied by a very strict attitude and philosophy about saving power consumption.

At the port, the solar panels could be oriented along the position of the sun to get maximum performance at all times of day. Sailing, due to the random movement of the ship and its variable course, the best option is to orient the panel horizontally. How strange that in the port install a sun-tracking system, consider the maximum height of this by latitude and season in which it is located. If you do not want to overly complicate your life, leave the panel in horizontal position.

Most of the countries have taken initiatives to protect women from domestic violence ,many developed countries have joined different platforms at national and international level to shield the women from domestic violence ,different NGO’s at local and international level are working on this social taboo to erode it. United Nations (UN) has played a vital role in this regard, UN has developed different functions to work on agenda to protect women from domestic violence, and it has dedicated its different funds for women.

Multinational corporations can play a important role to protect women from domestic violence by funding different Governments and NGOS where they operate .AVON the company for women is a great example, AVON offers a wide range of products for women including makeup, skincare, bath &body, fragrance, hair care, jewllery, fashion, a part from it, it has proved itself philanthropic by aiding and contributing in different funds since many years. AVON was founded in 1886 and it has seen women suffering from different kinds of violence that’s why it has a remarkable history to help women in different social issues including domestic violence .AVON has always focus on enhancing and emphasizing on outer beauty of women as well as to safeguard their souls and body from domestic violence.

Recently on 25th of January 2011 AVON has announced a campaign “AVON believe world tour”, AVON’s campaign was launched by its Global brand Ambassador Reese Witherspoon and its CEO Andrea Jung at company’s 125th anniversary year in Atlanta.”AVON’s believe world tour” has aimed world tour of 16 cities i.e. Atlanta, Dallas, Los Angeles, London, Istanbul, New York, Chicago, Mexico City, Warsaw, Moscow, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires, Manila, Shanghai, New Delhi and Johannesburg, 125000 AVON’s representatives will participate in AVON’s campaign,1 million AVON Global Believe Fund was announced to launch global efforts to protect women from domestic violence. AVON foundation for women will work in collaboration with National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV) to fund NGOS which will in turn provide services to victims of domestic violence. AVON product Inc has launched “AVON voices “at 125th anniversary celebrations, its first online singing talent searches.

Hence we can say that with this changing world, people have become much aware about their rights and many companies are doing a lot for social causes and well recognized their social responsibility. Global efforts of multinational corporations will draw people’s attention towards lack of services for women who are victims of domestic violence.

As the United States and many other nations have become health-conscious, people are consuming tremendous quantities of fish. So prices go up. Commercial fishermen invest in deadly, ultra-sophisticated equipment. Miles and miles of nets and longlines dredge our oceans. Because we are harvesting in some areas four times as many fish as four years ago, we continue to lose fishing grounds at an alarming rate.

Several years ago, it was estimated that there were enough commercial nets and longlines in the Pacific to circle the earth at its equator! This has not only decimated Pacific fishing for marlin, sails and other pelagic species, but it has also significantly depleted anadromous fish stocks such as steelhead and salmon. You can only imagine the damage these nets and longliners can do in one day or month, let alone over the course of a few years!

The Atlantic Ocean is in similar straits. Over- harvesting by commercial interests has almost knocked the Atlantic salmon out of the ocean and onto the endangered species list. Where once they were plentiful, bluefin tuna have virtually disappeared from many waters and this spectacular species is becoming very scarce.

As I am writing this, a panel of scientists has recommended that only 14 days of commercial fishing be allowed in New England next year instead of 88 because these areas have been overfished.

More bad news. Population Action International says that the shortage of fish will get worse, “because there are 90 million more people each year!”

With the accelerating rate of population growth, the continuous shrinking of available fishing grounds, and our health-conscious society demanding more fish, we are faced with a crucial problem. Where is this supply going to come from when right now there is a shortage?

But the problem is not confined to oceans. Locals and immigrants have netted many bonefish flats in Latin America, and you can find bonefish and sometimes permit, snook and tarpon on sale in local fish markets. We all know that strategically placed monofilament nets can destroy great flats in a few days!

Remember when giant snook fishing was so productive along the east coast of Costa Rica that snook of 25 to 30 pounds earned only a polite, “Nice fish”comment? Heavy netting, especially at or near the river mouths, took care of that. Thankfully, the issue of netting on the east coast is being addressed and the bigger snook are starting to come back.

Leaf through all the lavish mail order tackle catalogs. Check out the national, regional, local and specialized fishing magazines covering nearly every facet of angling. Flick through a fishing book catalog and you’ll discover hundreds of titles on trout fishing alone. “Surf the Net” for a lifetime of armchair fishing. Tune into the numerous national and regional fishing TV programs or review the many fishing videos.

When once there were only six international fishing travel agencies, today there are hundreds. Women are not only attracted to fishing, but they are also guiding, operating their own fishing lodges, writing books, lecturing, designing and recommending tackle…and men are listening! Catch-and-release is becoming ever more prevalent (if only we had listened to Lee Wulff and others earlier!). And, fishermen are not only paying $500 for a fly rod or saltwater reel, they are trading thousands of dollars for a fully equipped bass boat.

It would seem that sportfishing is healthy, wealthy and flourishing. Right? WRONG!

As we anticipate a new century, angling is facing more critical problems than it ever has before; some of them are so crucial that we must address them immediately with both short and long-term strategic plans. Band-aid solutions will not work.

While The PanAngler normally covers fishing outside of the contiguous United States, this month’s issue will address domestic and international problems because they are either related or the same.

Pollution, and particularly acid rain, have destroyed thousands of lakes and rivers that once provided good fishing. There are no fences in air space that can keep out the clouds of pollution, so we’re all vulnerable.

We think of the Scandinavian countries in terms of pristine environments, mountain lakes and winding, pastoral streams, but they have suffered massive losses. Norway, as an example, has lost total fish stocks in approximately 5,000 lakes! More than a third of her rivers have critical loads of acid rain! And more than 90 percent of the acid rain that falls over Norway originates in other countries.

The symbiotic effect of pollution, commercial fishing and disease has destroyed most of the great Norwegian salmon rivers. Years ago, I enjoyed fishing Norway’s Driva River when it yielded lots of big salmon. A few years ago, I was saddened to hear that there were only several dozen salmon on the spawning beds; but last year, I do not believe any were sighted. Today, only the venerable Alta and perhaps three or four other rivers are considered above average in Norway.

In United States and Canada there are constant problems with Native Fishing Rights. Illegal netting of salmon by Canadian Natives on the Restigouche and other great Atlantic salmon rivers have been well chronicled. The same applies for the salmon and steelhead trout on the Pacific side.

A portion of Alaska’s Lower Talarik Creek–which includes the pool that might have the world’s largest rainbow trout–was taken over by a Native American family because of a treaty. The family planned to make this section private and develop it. Nature Conservancy and Orvis are campaigning to buy the family’s rights at a cost of more than $350,000. Does this example signal the fate of other waters? Or is this an example of how we must work together to save a river and its precious commodities?

Some Native Americans in Wisconsin insist on spearing giant walleyes on their spawning beds out of season at night.

There are hundreds more examples of troubled waters, but these will illustrate the fact that sportfishing and fish have critical problems that need solutions.

How disruptive have their actions been? Rip Cunningham’s shocking editorial (Salt Water Sportsman, February 1996) details how commercial fishermen ambushed, stormed and trashed a fisherman’s vehicle, trailer and boat and stole the equipment. The angler was taking his son fishing for some quality bonding. “Other commercial netters have threatened a campaign of burning sport fishermen’s camps and boats,” Cunningham writes.

The U.S. commercial fishing industry is angry about its losses in Florida, Louisiana and other states. It has formed Seafood for America to “educate the public…protect consumers’ rights…informing the seafood-consuming public of the threats to their rights of access to public resources .” Translation: Commercial fishermen are going to fight the sportfishing establishment by trying to influence public opinion.

We all applauded Costa Rican President Jose Maria Figueres when he initiated some stringent regulations, protecting billfish from commercial and sport fishermen. These new measures would insure the survival of billfish on Costa Rica’s Pacific coast, once considered the world’s best place for Pacific sails. The commercial fishermen staged all kinds of blockades in harbors and on the streets and highways of Costa Rica, paralyzing some areas. Simultaneously, a member of Congress from Puntarenas (the major commercial fishing port) challenged the constitutionality of the new law in the courts. Costa Rica had no choice but to back off–for the time being. Presumably, sailfish and marlin are ending up in the U.S. again, to be sold for a few cents a pound and to be processed for pet food. What a pity!

PETA’s multi-pronged program is based on anti-fishing propaganda, protests and even more aggressive, if not belligerent, tactics such as, throwing rocks in streams and when anglers are fishing, using SCUBA divers to disrupt tournaments (by scaring off fish and even cutting lines), defacing fishermen’s vehicles with anti-fishing slogans, etc.

PETA even has a survey conducted by its volunteers who are acting as pollsters for the mythical “National Survey on Sport Fishing.” The cleverly-designed questions erroneously lead the angler to believe that fishing is cruel.

For those who think PETA will be minimally influential, think again. In the 1960s and early 1970s, big-game hunters proudly discussed their safaris and shikars; even non-hunters admired them. Hollywood produced more than a dozen movies centered on hunting safaris. Fashion and “shelter” magazines featured lavish pictorials of hunters’ trophy rooms. Then the anti-hunting people stepped in. Initially, people dismissed their efforts, but today a big-game hunter is reluctant to discuss his hunting success except with other hunters. Can’t happen to fishermen? Don’t bet on it, if we don’t do something about it soon.

Ever hear of Pisces? Headquartered in Bristol, England, this organization was initially known as Campaign for the Abolition of Angling (CAA), but in 1994 it changed its name to Pisces. Whereas PETA wants to protect all “animals” including fish, Pisces concentrates entirely on fish and fishing. One of its goals is to ban angling everywhere, and Pisces claims some success in banning angling on several European waters.

But Pisces’ tentacles reach beyond sportfishing. Here’s an example. One answer to relieving the shortage of fish and supplying the increased demand is aquaculture, or fish farming. It is becoming a big business: Rainbow trout, tilapia, and catfish are some species raised on fish farms and available in supermarkets. In the United States it’s a one-billion dollar business; since this provides only 10 percent of the fish and seafood we consume, the potential is enormous.

According to the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, aquaculture production will have to be increased by 700 percent in order to meet demands in the next two decades. But Pisces strongly opposes fish farming and campaigns heavily against it. The organization works on adults in the “short term” but is busy brainwashing youngsters for the future.

Here are a few passages from “Freda the Fish,” an essay that Pisces widely distributes among young students. Note that while most of original essay relates to fish farming, Pisces does not let any opportunities escape, so it knocks angling and anglers, too:

“It was only the wire netting of the cage that separated Freda and her friends from the sea….When she was younger Freda would swim her way over to the netting and gaze longingly at the sea, dreaming, of swimming freely… ”

Later when Freda and Felix escaped from the fish farm…”‘Owww. Help!’” Felix suddenly cried. His lip was caught on a hook. He thrashed around in agony and Freda could only watch as he was dragged out of the water….

“She vaguely remembered being told about anglers….the only way she could console herself was with the thought that at least Felix had a few wonderful days of freedom before he had been so brutally killed…”

By the way, how did Freda escape from the fish farm? There was a hole in the net, but she was too big to fit through it. So she thought it out. She quit eating for days, lost weight and escaped. Anthropomorphism at its best. Hello. Bambi is back!

The talent, the brains, and the dream builders are all there. We need them to come together, for the sake of fish and, for the sake of fishing, and for the sake of future generations.

I pray that we nurture this idea, so it has a chance to grow and prosper.

I would appreciate your comments,

Ban the Nets had tremendous assistance from many outdoor writers, numerous associations and federations including Florida Conservation Association, the Florida Wildlife Federation, the Tropical Audubon Society of Miami, the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund and others. The result: An overwhelming victory on November 8, 1994, when 72 percent of the people voted to ban the nets. The formula for success includes sportsmen, magazines, outdoor writers, grass roots campaigning and associations working together.

2. American anglers received great news when, on September 28, 1996, the U.S. Congress reauthorized a new, stronger fish conservation law (the Magnuson Act). The bill addresses America’s fisheries crisis by including provisions to: 1) eliminate overfishing and rebuilding depleted fish populations, 2) reduce wasteful bycatch, and 3) protect essential marine fish habitat.

The National Coalition for Marine Conservation (NCMC) and its Marine Fish Conservation Network developed the largest coalition ever for marine conservation. Explains Ken Hinman, NCMC president, “Two years ago, this Congress seemed intent on dismantling the nation’s environmental protections. Now the same body has given us the strongest fish conservation laws ever.”

Among the big players were the National Audubon Society, Greenpeace, World Wildlife Fund, Center for Marine Conservation, Sierra Club and others. But also joining in were Trout Unlimited, Fisheries Defense Fund, IGFA, Salt Water Sportsman, B.A.S.S., and more than 80 other organizations. Another great example of how angling coalitions can unite, seek help from others, and pass important laws.

A: Lots of them. Over-harvesting our oceans (the demand for fish is beyond our supply), pollution (acid rain continues to kill our waters) and anti-fishing campaigns are just three of the major ones.

Q: Anti-fishing groups? They can’t win, can they?

A: They did a job on hunting. They want to do the same to fishing.

Q: But there are 50 million plus fishermen in the United States. Shouldn’t they have a powerful voice?

A: We have many great angling associations, and their members give it a 100% effort. But what we need to do is blend and combine all these voices into one booming voice with a common mission.

Q: How can we do that?

A: Simple. Form a federation. Let’s call it the International Congress of Sportfishing or ICS, for short. It’s strictly a working title. We launch it in the U.S. first, and then we become international, because many of the problems facing sportfishing are global.

Q: Who would belong to the ICS?

A: Fishermen, outdoor writers, fishing publications, tackle manufacturers–really anyone who either likes to fish or has a stake in sportfishing. It’s a win, win, win proposition for the fish, fishermen, people who earn a living from angling, and most importantly for anyone who wants to preserve angling for future generations.

Q: Okay, that sounds great, but such a federation must be costly and difficult to put together?

A: Ten years ago it would have been a very difficult and extremely expensive project. Not today, because of the WEB/INTERNET. You can be in touch with possibly millions of fishermen directly and through their clubs and organizations via the WEB without having to pay for printing, handling, and postage!

Q: But what else can it do for me?

A: Through the WEB and with a few clicks of the keyboard, we can contact our president, congress, governor–or whomever– and register our association’s opinion on matters concerning fishing. Governments and politicians listen to numbers.

Q: Who owns the International Congress of Sportfishing?

A: Perhaps it’s the various associations, but perhaps no one. Just like the WEB, there is no owner. Obviously, there would be an administrative board to focus everyone on our mission.

Q: So you don’t have all the answers.

A: Of course not! There are lots of problems facing angling, and the International Congress of Sportfishing is a possible solution. But nothing has been scrawled in the sand, let alone etched in stone. There are many brainy guys out there who are in sportfishing. Perhaps some fishing organizations will think that the ICS is a good concept and pursue it among themselves.